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Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Antiochus IV Epiphanes (; Greek: , ''Antíochos D' ho Epiphanḗs'', "God Manifest";〔 c. 215 BCE – 164 BCE) was a king of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire from 175 BCE until his death in 164 BCE. He was a son of King Antiochus III the Great. His original name was Mithradates (alternative form ''Mithridates''); he assumed the name Antiochus after he ascended the throne.
Notable events during the reign of Antiochus IV include his near-conquest of Egypt, which led to a confrontation that became an origin of the metaphorical phrase "line in the sand" (see below), and the rebellion of the Jewish Maccabees.
Antiochus was the first Seleucid king to use divine epithets on coins, perhaps inspired by the Bactrian Hellenistic kings who had earlier done so, or else building on the ruler cult that his father Antiochus the Great had codified within the Seleucid Empire. These epithets included Θεὸς Ἐπιφανής 'manifest god', and, after his defeat of Egypt, Νικηφόρος 'bringer of victory'.〔C. Habicht, "The Seleucids and their rivals", in A. E. Astin, ''et al.'', ''Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C.'', ''The Cambridge Ancient History'', volume 8, p. 341〕 However, Antiochus also tried to interact with common people by appearing in the public bath houses and applying for municipal offices, and his often eccentric behavior and capricious actions led some of his contemporaries to call him ''Epimanes'' ("The Mad One"), a word play on his title ''Epiphanes''.〔(Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Antiochus IV Epiphanes )〕〔(Polybius 26.10 )〕
==Rise to power==
Antiochus was the son and potential successor of King Antiochus III, and as such he became a political hostage of the Roman Republic following the Peace of Apamea in 188 BCE. His older brother Seleucus IV followed his father onto the throne in 187 BCE, and Antiochus was exchanged for his nephew Demetrius I Soter (the son and heir of Seleucus). King Seleucus was assassinated by the usurper Heliodorus in 175 BCE, but Antiochus in turn ousted him. Seleucus' legitimate heir Demetrius I Soter was still a hostage in Rome, so Antiochus seized the throne for himself with the help of King Eumenes II of Pergamum, proclaiming himself co-regent with another son of Seleucus, an infant named Antiochus (whom he then murdered a few years later).〔M. Zambelli, "L'ascesa al trono di Antioco IV Epifane di Siria," ''Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica'' 38 (1960) 363–389〕
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